Organoids of Musculoskeletal System for Disease Modeling, Drug Screening, and Regeneration

Organoids have emerged as a promising tissue engineering technology offering disease modeling, drug screening, regeneration, and repair in the field of musculoskeletal systems. This review systematically describes the influential factors in the construction of organoids. The applications of musculoskeletal organoids, their recent advancements, and the challenges and future directions are also discussed.

Abstract

Musculoskeletal diseases have emerged as the leading cause of disability worldwide, with their prevalence increasing annually. In light of this escalating health challenge, organoids, an emerging technology in tissue engineering, offer promising solutions for disease modeling, drug screening, regeneration, and repair processes. The successful development of musculoskeletal organoids represents a significant breakthrough, providing a novel platform for studying musculoskeletal diseases and facilitating the discovery of new treatments. Moreover, organoids serve as valuable complements to traditional 2D culture methods and animal models, offering rich insights into musculoskeletal biology. This review provides an overview of organoid technology, outlining the construction processes of various musculoskeletal organoids and highlighting their similarities and differences. Furthermore, the challenges associated with organoid technology in musculoskeletal systems are discussed and insights into future perspectives are offered.