Immunomodulation Using BMP‐7 and IL‐10 to Enhance the Mineralization Capacity of Bone Progenitor Cells in a Fracture Hematoma‐Like Environment

This study presents BMP-7 and IL-10-functionalized collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffolds as an immunomodulatory therapy for bone repair. The impact of a hematoma-like environment on cell–material interactions, inflammatory cytokine production, and osteogenesis is presented. BMP-7 and IL-10 target inflammation, downregulating key inflammatory cytokines to create a more environment for mineralization and effective bone healing.

Abstract

Following biomaterial implantation, a failure to resolve inflammation during the formation of a fracture hematoma can significantly limit the biomaterial's ability to facilitate bone regeneration. This study aims to combine the immunomodulatory and osteogenic effects of BMP-7 and IL-10 with the regenerative capacity of collagen-hydroxyapatite (CHA) scaffolds to enhance in vitro mineralization in a hematoma-like environment. Incubation of CHA scaffolds with human whole blood leads to rapid adsorption of fibrinogen, significant stiffening of the scaffold, and the formation of a hematoma-like environment characterized by a limited capacity to support the infiltration of human bone progenitor cells, a significant upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins, and significantly reduced osteoconductivity. CHA scaffolds functionalized with BMP-7 and IL-10 significantly downregulate the production of key inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-8, and leptin, creating a more permissive environment for mineralization, ultimately enhancing the biomaterial's osteoconductivity. In conclusion, targeting the onset of inflammation in the early phase of bone healing using BMP-7 and IL-10 functionalized CHA scaffolds is a promising approach to effectively downregulate inflammatory processes, while fostering a more permissive environment for bone regeneration.