Bio‐Functionalized MXenes: Synthesis and Versatile Applications

Bio-functionalized MXenes, known for their biocompatibility and multifunctionality, hold great promise in biomedical and environmental applications. This review highlights research gaps and explores future directions, covering synthesis strategies, functionalization approaches, and advanced uses in drug delivery, tissue engineering, sensing, corrosion protection, and water purification, while emphasizing their potential to address critical global challenges.

Abstract

MXenes exhibit remarkable properties, including high electrical conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, outstanding mechanical strength, and notable hydrophilicity. Recent advancements in bio-functionalization have further enhanced these intrinsic characteristics, unlocking unprecedented opportunities for MXenes across a wide spectrum of applications in both biomedical and environmental domains. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the synthesis strategies and functionalization techniques that improve MXenes' biocompatibility and expand their potential uses in cutting-edge applications, including implantable and wearable devices, drug delivery systems, cancer therapies, tissue engineering, and advanced sensing technologies. Moreover, the review explores the utility of bio-functionalized MXenes in areas such as corrosion protection, water purification, and food safety sensors, underscoring their versatility in addressing urgent global challenges. By conducting a critical evaluation of current research, this review not only highlights the immense potential of bio-functionalized MXenes but also identifies pivotal gaps in the literature, offering clear pathways for future exploration and innovation in this rapidly evolving field.