An enhanced three-stage model for sodium storage in hard carbons
Energy Environ. Sci., 2025, Advance ArticleDOI: 10.1039/D4EE06029F, Communication Open Access   This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.Enis Oğuzhan Eren, Evgeny Senokos, Ernesto Scoppola, Zihan Song, Markus Antonietti, Paolo GiustoA multi-technique operando study reveals a three-stage sodium storage mechanism in hard carbon—surface adsorption, accumulation, and pore filling—while classical intercalation is found to be insignificant under practical conditions.To cite this article before page numbers are assigned, use the DOI form of citation above.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry
DOI: 10.1039/D4EE06029F, Communication


A multi-technique operando study reveals a three-stage sodium storage mechanism in hard carbon—surface adsorption, accumulation, and pore filling—while classical intercalation is found to be insignificant under practical conditions.
To cite this article before page numbers are assigned, use the DOI form of citation above.
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry