Organoid Vascularization: Strategies and Applications

Vascularization is critical for organoid maturation and translational potential. This review synthesizes in vivo (host integration, ectopic prevascularization) and in vitro (self-vascularization, coculture, encapsulation) strategies, with biomaterial and bioengineering advances. Gao et al. discuss clinical applications, drug screening, and challenges in replicating native vascular hierarchies for regenerative medicine.

Abstract

Organoids provide 3D structures that replicate native tissues in biomedical research. The development of vascular networks within organoids enables oxygen and nutrient delivery while facilitating metabolic waste removal, which supports organoid growth and maturation. Recent studies demonstrate that vascularized organoid models offer insights into tissue interactions and promote tissue regeneration. However, the current limitations in establishing functional vascular networks affect organoid growth, viability, and clinical translation potential. This review examines the development of vascularized organoids, including the mechanisms of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, construction strategies, and biomedical applications. The approaches are categorized into in vivo and in vitro methods, with analysis of their specific advantages and limitations. The review also discusses emerging techniques such as bioprinting and gene editing for improving vascularization and functional integration in organoid-based therapies. Current developments in organoid vascularization indicate potential applications in modeling human diseases and developing therapeutic strategies, contributing to advances in translational research.